When it comes to signing up for Medicare, there's plenty of confusion. Which part of the four-part program covers hospital stays? Do all parts help pay for prescription drugs? What's the difference between Original Medicare, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement Insurance?

Medicare itself has four parts. Part A (hospital insurance) and Part B (health insurance) come standard in every Original Medicare Plan. Part C is called Medicare Advantage, and it's an alternative to a standard Medicare Plan that offers some additional benefits like prescription drug coverage. Stand-alone prescription drug plans, or Part D, cover prescription drugs for those who want to keep their Original Medicare plans. And then there is Medigap.

Medicare Supplement Insurance plans are private health insurance that can help you pay for the "gaps" in your traditional Medicare policy – such as copayments at a doctor's office, coinsurance at skilled nursing facilities and out-of-pocket hospital costs not covered by Medicare Part A. There are 10 different types of Medicare Supplement Insurance plans, each designated by a letter of the alphabet (you can find details about all 10 plans at Medicare.gov). In most states, the benefits are the same no matter what insurance company you purchase the plan from, though each plan covers different things. Premium prices for each of the 10 Medigap plans varies depending on the benefits offered, and the premiums are separate from your regular Medicare premiums.

To be eligible for a Medicare Supplement Insurance plan, you must already have Medicare parts A and B. The most comprehensive Medicare Supplement Insurance plan is Plan F, which covers all available benefits. Plan C, which covers everything except excess health insurance costs, and Plan F are the most popular plans. 
 
The advantage of a Medicare Supplement Insurance plan is that you will have a larger network of providers from which to choose. If you have a health condition, a Medicare Supplement Insurance plan may also provide better ways to pay for medical expenses. If you can afford to spend a bit more, a Medicare Supplement Insurance plan may be a wiser choice. It may save you a lot of money in the long run if you need extensive medical services or treatments.

Nearly half (47%) of adults in the 40s and 50s have a parent aged 65 or older and are either raising a young child or financially supporting a grown child, aged 18 or older.
 
What IS the sandwich generation? In a nutshell, it’s taking care of both elder care and childcare or supporting a grown child at the same time. You’re “sandwiched” in the middle of both circumstances.
 
Family members, predominantly female family members, have provided the majority of care to their aging loved ones. Today, there’s a generation of middle-aged adults known as the Sandwich Generation, who are caught in the middle of child rearing or support and providing care to aging parents for these reasons:

1. Delayed parenting – a new norm in society is couples starting families in their middle to late 30s instead of earlier in life.
2. Increased life span: people are living longer as a result of better healthcare and technology.
 
The sandwich generation can be further defined:
•Traditional: those sandwiched between aging parents who need care and/or help and their own children.
 
•Club sandwich: those in their 50s or 60s sandwiched between aging parents, adult children and grandchildren or those in their 30s and 40s with young children, aging parents and grandparents.
 
•Open faced sandwich: anyone else involved in elder care.
 
•Interesting fact: Most of the sandwich generation were baby boomers until 2005. As of 2014, boomers became grandparents and started transitioning into the aging population while their children took their places and moved into the sandwich generation.

Rehabilitation hospitals say a proposed change to how Medicare will reimburse them for care could lead to inaccurate payments as new system pulls patient data from a new source.

In the 2019 inpatient rehabilitation proposed pay rule, Medicare proposed to retire the current patient assessment tool that helps categorize the level of care needed by a patient. The current tool has been used since 2002 to help determine the amount of care reimbursement. But now the agency wants to switch to a new patient assessment tool that's similar to one in place for other post-acute care settings to create a more uniform evaluation for patients' care needs. The change will kick in on Oct. 1, 2019 if it's finalized.

Clinicians use the tool in question to rank the severity of the patients care needs and develop a treatment plan.

The new assessment tool was introduced last year and it's unclear if it tracks patient needs sensitively enough to determine reimbursement accurately. "The limited analysis CMS has made available to stakeholders is insufficient evidence as to the data's validity or reliability as a basis for payment purposes," Richard Kathrins, chair of American Medical Rehabilitation Providers Association's board of directors, said.

Providers are worried about whether the new tool asks the right questions and helps them evaluate patients as thoroughly as the assessment method they've been using for years. The tool is still too new to answer those questions, according to rehab providers.

"Too little is known about the accuracy, consistency and clinical efficacy of the new clinical data and information that CMS is proposing to utilize," Mark Tarr, president and CEO of Encompass Health, one of the largest providers of rehab hospital services in the nation said. "These clinical data and information have not been sufficiently studied, understood or validated to determine payment or patient care implications for rehabilitation hospital services."

The Kentucky Hospital Association suggested Medicare should study and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the new data source as well as its implications before changing the reimbursement model.

  Is there a history of stroke in your family? As stroke is the third leading killer in the United States, there is a good chance someone in your family has suffered from a stroke. The likelihood of having a stroke is one and a quarter times greater for men than women, but the odds even out as people get older. The control of high blood pressure is the best thing you can do to help prevent a stroke from stealing your life.
  As someone who’s charged with the care of another, it’s important to know the warning signs of a stroke so you can take immediate action. The sooner a stroke victim receives medical attention, the better chance he has of recovery and survival.
  Use the mnemonic device “FAST” to remember the checklist:

• F: FACE – Ask your parent to smile. Does one side droop?
• A: ARMS – Ask him or her to raise both arms. Does one drift downward?
• S: SPEECH – Ask a simple question. Does he or she seem confused? Is the
  speech slurred or unusual?
• T: TIME – Don’t waste time! Call 911 right away if you observe any problems.

  If your parent complains of a sudden weakness or numbness, loses vision in one or both eyes, has a sudden and severe headache or loses his balance, follow the FAST outline and call 911.
  My father had a stroke. It was very near the end of his life and happened while he was already in the hospital for a medication adjustment. His dementia was becoming more severe and we decided to work on changing his medication while he was in an in-patient environment. My sister and I met with the doctor around lunchtime and reviewed the list of meds he was taking, and discussed what changes could possibly be made to help him have a better quality of life.
  We didn’t get to visit with him while we were there because he was sleeping. I remember thinking that his breathing didn’t sound quite right, but the hospital staff wasn’t concerned, so I didn’t say anything. Don’t ever repeat my reluctance to speak up – it can mean the difference between life and death. If you suspect something is wrong, seek assistance and be persistent until you are taken seriously.

  Caring for your parent with Parkinson Disease requires you to be on your toes, ready to deal with changing conditions. Your parent may be able to move perfectly and then suddenly require assistance with the same type of movement. Close observation is required virtually all the time.
  As caregivers, we know what an all-consuming time commitment it is to look after someone and knowing you should be observant every minute of every day is difficult, if not impossible. All anyone can do is try your best. And if you need help, ask for it.
  Thousands of people are affected by Parkinson Disease each year. Ask your parent’s doctor about new research and drug trials in which your parent might participate. Researchers are searching for ways to identify Parkinson Disease sooner and delay the onset of symptoms. The Medical College of Georgia runs a Movement Disorders Program in Augusta, Georgia. This facility is a National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence. If you are interested in having your parent take part in the research trials, contact them at www.mcg.edu.
  You may be asking yourself, “what is Parkinson Disease?” It is a disease impacting the portion of the brain responsible for movement. A progressive disorder, PD occurs when neurons die or lose their function, failing to produce dopamine. The naturally occurring chemical dopamine allows us to move smoothly. When eighty percent of dopamine producing cells or neurons are impaired, the symptoms of Parkinson Disease manifest.
  Many lay people refer to it as Parkinsons, but the correct reference is singular, as in Parkinson Disease, not Parkinson’s Disease. Early symptoms are mild and then progress to more significant symptoms over a period of time. Movements your parent once made with ease may become difficult or impossible.

  Things can change quickly with the health status of your parent. You may be forced to make quick decisions and critical choices that can have a significant impact on the life and well-being of your loved one. It is for this reason you need to establish your personal Caregiving Plan. By developing a strategy in advance, it will help guide you through times when you’re forced to act without much time to consider the consequences. Being prepared is vital.
  The elements of your caregiving plan should be:

1. Narrative of Current Situation.
2. General Needs Assessment of the Person for Whom You are Caring.
3. What To Do As Illness Progresses.
4. Friends and Family Who Can Help.

  As you create your Caregiver’s Plan, begin by writing a narrative of your overall situation. It doesn’t have to be a difficult exercise, simply briefly summarize the situation. Having a written description of your circumstances can be very useful in filling out requests for benefits or applications for services. You may need financial records (look for these documents now, as many programs and services require you to provide a complete and current financial picture) to create a comprehensive overview of your parent’s needs and situation. 
  When you stop to consider the factors involved in your parent’s care, you will gain insight from the process and be able to quickly articulate your needs to doctors, nurses and service providers.
  After you’ve written the narrative, conduct a general needs assessment of the family member or members involved. By looking at the tasks your loved one could use assistance with, you will start to get a better idea of what your present and future needs will be as a caregiver.
  An excellent publication to review is Prepare to Care: A Planning Guide for Families, produced by the AARP Foundation’s Benefits Outreach Program. This booklet is available to download at https://www.aarp.org/benefits-discounts/all/prepare-to-care/. It provides a step by step approach to developing your Caregiver’s Plan.
  Don’t let the idea of creating a Caregiver’s Plan overwhelm you. We all make plans every day for one thing or another; this plan is just an extension of an idea that you will be ready for whatever comes. It doesn’t have to be a formal document, an outline of what your action will be based on changes in circumstance is sufficient.
  Knowing in advance what your loved one wants as his or her condition progresses will give you comfort and peace that you are making the right decision. Take time to sit down and discuss the options. Research your parent’s illness or medical condition so you’ll have an idea of what to expect as time goes on; the primary care physician could offer valuable information in this area. I found a chart format easy to create and refer back to throughout the months. Regardless of the method you choose, being proactive instead of reactive will serve you well.

  There are several helper devices that are extremely useful in the home and on the go. The initial struggle of the day can be simply finding a way to get out of bed. Even in households where there are two people, in an elderly couple many times the healthier person is still unable to lift the other from the bed. A triangle pull can be positioned over the bed so it can be used to pull one’s self up to a sitting position. This device is very low tech, yet it fosters the development of upper body strength and helps maintain personal independence and dignity.
  Another option to help with the daily transition is to install a hospital-type bed, one that raises and lowers both the head and foot areas with the touch of a remote control. The idea of having a hospital bed at home can be an unpleasant thought, but it may mean the difference between being able to stay at home versus moving to an assisted living facility. Under the right circumstances, the motorized bed may be covered by Medicare as a medical expense if ordered by a physician.
  If you find your parent is spending a good deal of time in bed, check into a pressure sensitive mattress. The last thing you want is the development of pressure ulcers (sometimes called pressure sores), which occur when the skin breaks down in areas from constant pressure against a surface, even a soft surface such as a bed or chair.
  Pressure Guard® makes a series of specialized mattresses for preventing and managing pressure ulcers. Their Turn Select mattress slowly (very, very slowly) maneuvers your parent into different positions to minimize the effects of immobility on the skin.
  Surprisingly, extended periods of simply sitting in a chair may lead to pressure sores. As long as movement is possible, encourage your parent to move as much as practical, at an activity level that is comfortable for him or her. Make sure the skin is examined carefully on a regular basis so any sores may be treated as quickly as possible. Bath time may be a good choice, if you (or another caregiver assisting with the bathing) can inspect without causing embarrassment to your parent.
  Don’t rely on asking your parent if he is experiencing this type of condition; he may not even be aware of it due to reduced feeling in certain areas. Or, to avoid an uncomfortable examination, he may deny anything is wrong.
  Pressure ulcers are a serious health complication that can cause pain and result in a slower recovery from other issues.

An easy thing to solve in the life of a dementia patient is frustration over getting dressed. Adaptive clothing is a great option to fix the daily struggle of tying a shoe, buttoning a shirt or pants and pulling on a garment by someone with decreased dexterity. Clothing is available with velcro closures, configured in a variety of ways, including: front blouses with velcro instead of buttons, wrap skirts with velcro, side opening pants with velcro, front closing bras, zipper front dresses and shoes with velcro closures. Many of these garments open completely, so it’s easier for you as the caregiver to help dress your parent. A great source for this type of clothing is Silvert’s. Find them online at www.silverts.com.

  While caring for my parents, one of the best things I did was create my Caregiver’s Notebook. It became my guidebook as I worked tirelessly to keep up with all of the details of the separate (and different) illnesses that were factors in caring for both my mother and father. This technique will work if you’re responsible for caring for an elderly friend or relative and could be even more important in that set of circumstances, as you may not know many of the intimate details required to manage the daily routine and medical needs of your charge.
  When I was caring for my parents, I did it old school: paper-based all the way. I purchased a standard three ring binder to use as my notebook. Initially, I used a one-inch binder, but very quickly discovered it didn’t have nearly enough room. The final notebook I used was a three-inch binder with several dividers and three-hole punched pockets that were double-sided. If you want to recreate this version, you can find a notebook, the dividers, pocket folders and business card holder sheets at most office supply stores. It doesn’t have to be fancy; a standard notebook will work.
  I created a cover for the notebook, incorporating pictures of Mama and Daddy, along with the title, “Caregiver’s Notes.” Your cover can be as simple or elaborate as you wish; you can use a program such as Microsoft Word to typeset the basic information and print from your home computer.  Or, you can download the forms as described here from www.caregiverstrainingprogram.com.
  You’ll want to create tabs to separate the sections of your notebook with the following topics:

1. Identification References.
2. Explanation of Benefits.
3. Correspondence.
4. Medical Forms & Personal Health Record.
5. Community Resources.
6. Facility Information.
7. Important Contact Numbers.
8. Business Cards.
9. Other/Miscellaneous.

  If you’d rather use technology for this purpose, I know you can keep all of these things electronically in your phone, which would always be with you. If you prefer to create the e-version instead, I recommend a free software app called Evernote. It’s cloud-based, giving you a desktop client and a companion app for your phone
  You can create several different “notebooks” within the app, so each section of the physical notebook can be created here. The great thing about the app is that it will let you collect snippets from the web, scan and upload physical documents you have or receive or type notes as needed.
  For more information on creating a fully functional Caregiver’s Notebook, either paper-based or electronic, check out my book, The Caregiver’s Training Program: What You Need to Know to Take Care of Your Parents in their Golden Years, available on www.amazon.com.  

  My mother was the epitome of independence and self-reliance. As her health began to change, our family witnessed a difficult transformation, as she needed more and more help with even the smallest everyday tasks. Mama smoked for almost thirty years, from the time she was fourteen years old until her late forties. As a consequence, she developed emphysema, a breathing disorder that makes it increasingly difficult for the lungs to function normally.
  The effects of the emphysema grew over time. She was able to manage initially with an inhaler (using the medication Ventolin) and as the disease progressed, she became dependent upon oxygen, at first only at night and finally, she required it twenty-four hours a day. We learned about breathing treatments with nebulizers, portable oxygen tanks on wheeled carts and in shoulder bags, and concentrators that produce their own purified oxygen from the air around you.
  What is oxygen? A colorless, odorless and tasteless gas that everyone needs to survive. An average breath takes in approximately twenty one percent oxygen into your lungs. Oxygen is necessary for our body to maintain life.
  There are several things to know when dealing with oxygen. First, it must be ordered by a physician. Second, it is a covered expense with Medicare. Third, there are several suppliers from which to choose; depending on your particular city or town, there are likely several companies that could provide oxygen for your parent. And lastly, do not have an open flame near the source of oxygen. Clearly, no smoking is the rule when dealing with an explosive gas.
  Oxygen tanks are heavy. They come in various sizes and it’s always a good idea to have several back-up tanks in case of an emergency, such as a power outage. If you have the very large rocket-shaped tank in your home, it will be placed in a secure base. All oxygen tanks require a key to turn them on - make sure the key is provided when the tanks are delivered. Ask for an extra key, just in case.
  The smaller tanks are somewhat more portable. Those that are two and a half to three feet tall can be maneuvered by a wheeled cart. When used for traveling, you will have a choice of settings. You can either have it blow oxygen continuously or puff on a predetermined rate. The second option is usually called the “conserve” setting. You will gain a longer usage time on the conserve setting, but only do so if the patient can remain comfortable at that level. Please note that even on the wheeled cart, the entire assembly may be easier to roll, but is still quite heavy to pick up and put into a vehicle. Make sure if your parent is driving himself or herself, that he or she will have assistance if needed to transfer the oxygen cart to and from the car or van.
  Before setting out for the first time, make sure the parent and any caregivers or traveling companions know how to change to a new tank when the first one is empty. The regulator is fairly simple to understand and basically screws onto the top of the tank. Once the regulator is firmly in place, use the key to turn on the flow of oxygen. If the regulator is not seated firmly in place, you will know immediately! A loud sound will alert you that oxygen is escaping. Turn it off and try again. Once you have the regulator properly installed and the flow turned on, the gauge on the regulator will indicate full.
  For shorter trips, there are over the shoulder bags concealing much smaller oxygen tanks or portable concentrators. For someone who doesn’t have a great deal of strength to pick up the wheeled cart alone, the over the shoulder bag can be a welcome alternative. It’s extremely important to make sure you have enough back-up tanks in the car to cover the length of the trip or a charger cord and a back-up charger cord to maintain a portable concentrator. Leave a window open slightly for ventilation to avoid the accumulation of oxygen inside the cabin of the vehicle if your parent is using the portable during the car ride.